The COVID-19 pandemic and male sex workers who have sex with men: associations between age and race and advertising for work in 2019-2021.

Despite government-mandated restrictions on business and social activities worldwide, some sex workers continued to see clients in person throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. To better understand this behaviour, we compiled publicly available data from Internet advertisements posted on a popular website before and during the pandemic by male sex workers providing services to men. We first collected data in March 2019 from 172 advertisements - the complete number available at that time - posted by male sex workers advertising services in the Atlanta region. We then assessed whether these same sex workers continued to advertise their availability at three subsequent points during the COVID-19 pandemic: April 2020, January 2021 and February 2021. We also determined whether age and race were associated with advertising presence at each time point. While advertising rates declined among sex workers in all race categories (Black, White and 'other'), results from our mixed effects logistic regression model show that the odds of older male sex workers continuing to advertise were greater than the odds for their younger counterparts. Further, the predicted probability of continued advertising was highest for White male sex workers. Our findings provide additional insights into male sex work during a global pandemic.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Microstructure of Covid-19 Health-Protocol Advertisements in Tourist Facilities

To alleviate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, tourist facilities in Bali are informing visitors of the relevant health protocols, using posters to describe the appropriate behaviours. Using critical discourse analysis, this study examines the microstructure of the texts in these posters to identify their semantic, syntactic, lexical, and rhetorical elements. The study findings show that the semantic aspects consist of background, intention, and detail. The syntactic elements involve coherence and the use of the pronouns 'you' and 'we', and of the imperative, and the declarative. The lexical aspects include abbreviations and vocabulary, related to the health protocol. The textual messages are delivered in official language, supported by pictures and photographs.

It's Raining Lemons! How the COVID-19 Pandemic Reshaped the Association of Jewish Libraries

The Association of Jewish Libraries (AJL), an international organization promoting Jewish literacy and scholarship and supporting Judaica librarians from K-12 schools to research institutions and archives, to community adult education programs,1 was no different. While the association had worked previously with an external company to increase its fundraising efforts in support of annual conferences and other member services, 2019 was the first time AJL hired a dedicated staff member-albeit a short-term contract employee-to concentrate on development. Following a midwinter meeting held online using Zoom, AJL leadership realized that its far-flung volunteers could meet much more easily in this virtual space. The public programs showcased AJL talent and resources, furthering the organization's mission to provide access to information and research and to promote Jewish literacy, while at the same time advertising the organization to potential members.

A deeper understanding of switching intention and the perceptions of non-subscribers

PurposeMost previous studies on new technologies and services have concentrated on their acceptance, seldom exploring in depth why users may choose not to accept technology or service and remain "non-users.” This study aims to understand free platform users' intention to switch to paid subscription platforms.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilized push-pull-mooring (PPM) theory to investigate free OTT platform viewers' switching intentions toward paid OTT platforms. A research model was established and examined via a two-stage partial least square (PLS) method. A total of 446 free users were collected from Facebook and Line for data analysis.FindingsResults show that perceived intrusiveness is the push factor and alternative attractiveness is the pull factor and that both have a positive impact on the switching intention of non-subscribers. Habit represents the mooring factor and negative affects switching intention. Perceived convenience and perceived enjoyment are shown to be two significant habitual antecedents. Furthermore, habit is revealed to moderate the effect of users' perceived advertisement intrusion and alternative attractiveness on switching intention to strengthen positive impact when the habit is strong.Originality/valueThis study is one of the pioneering studies to consider free-to-paid switching behavior on media services using PPM's structural equation model. Contrary to previous research, the study found that, in the context of the free-to-paid transition, highly accustomed users' perception of pull factors and push factors were strengthened, thus generating the tendency to switch platforms.

Our ultimate hope or something sinister: Social media advertisements, digital discourse with physicians, and maternal source credibility perceptions of pro-vaccine messages during a global pandemic

This dissertation investigated vaccine-related content on two dominant social networks, Facebook and Twitter, and explored how this content could influence vaccine decision making. First, Study 1 included a framing analysis of paid vaccine advertisements collected from the Facebook Ad Library during the first two months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Overarching frames included: support for vaccines;dual benefits, including individual and community protection;presentation of information;and the necessity for liberty in medical choices (anti-vaccine frame). COVID-19 specific frames included: 1) vaccine development and the politicization of the COVID-19 pandemic, and 2) COVID-19 as a backdrop to illustrate the need for other vaccines. Study 2 included a thematic analysis of tweets utilizing the #DoctorsSpeakUp hashtag, which was designed by physicians to collectively promote vaccines on Twitter but was hijacked by anti-vaccine advocates. Through the lens of counterpublic sphere theory, analysis revealed that the hashtag hijacking by a scientific counterpublic was successful, and the majority of tweets were oriented against vaccines. Five overarching themes emerged in anti-vaccine hijacked tweets, including: personal experience with vaccine injury, profits over people, a lack of liability, a perception that doctors were uninformed, and "We are the Herd." Finally, Study 3 included interviews with vaccine-accepting mothers to understand their perceptions of paid vaccine advertisements on Facebook, identified in Study 1, through the lens of Source Credibility Theory. Thematic analysis revealed five themes related to current ads, including: one-sided pro-vaccine advertisements;"you can't tell me what to do;" the perception of an underlying agenda;the need for more scientific data-driven information;and a sense of confusion and lack of clarity related to ad elements. Relevant credibility cues included sponsor, context, image selection, wording, and spokesperson of each advertisement. Overall, the three studies revealed key findings, including the politicization of vaccines and vaccine-related messaging on social media, the need for neutral, credible sources and medical provider buy-in, the need for a change in message emphasis from community to personal health, and recommendations for the best platform and strategy to promote vaccines on social networks. Practical and theoretical implications for advertising practitioners and public health communicators were provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Linguistic landscaping in medical settings: English as a de facto language in Jordanian medical spaces

The field of linguistic landscape (LL) is concerned with monolingual and bi/-multilingual patterns and practices enacted on ‘public road signs, advertising billboards, street names, place names, commercial shop signs, and public signs on government buildings' (Landry & Bourhis, 1997: 25). Since the publication of Landry and Bourhis' (1997) research study, much more attention has been paid towards LL research, especially after the appearance of a Linguistic Landscape special issue of the International Journal of Multilingualism 3(1) (2006) (reproduced as the book Linguistic Landscape: A New Approach to Multilingualism [Gorter, 2006]). There has also been increased discussion of specific locations, such as multilingualism in Tokyo (Backhaus, 2007), English in the neighbourhoods of Johor Bahru City in Malaysia (McKiernan, 2019), and Jawi, an endangered orthography in the Malaysian LL (Coluzzi, 2020).

How Restaurant Protective Ad Messaging Can Increase Patronage Intentions during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Conditional Serial Mediation and COVID-19 Consumer Concern

In the United States, more than 110,000 restaurants permanently closed due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet many restaurants remained open, albeit under very different operating conditions. In light of evolving mandates and consumers' COVID-19 risk perceptions, restaurants faced the challenging task of determining how to communicate COVID-19 protective practices. Recommended COVID-19 protective messages varied and were dependent on whether restaurants offered indoor dining, takeout, or delivery options. Drawing from U.S. government recommendations and persuasion theory, two studies examine the direct and mediation effects of protective messaging advertised by restaurants on patronage intentions and consider consumer levels of concern about the virus as a moderator. Serial moderated mediation results indicate that communicating protective measures for takeout and patio dining services appeared to be most effective during this pandemic. Moreover, results extend to protective messages presented as both primary advertisement claims and voluntary disclosures footnoted at the bottom of an advertisement. Results have implications for restaurants that offer multiple dining options and provide useful consumer communication protection options for the present and future pandemics.

Gender in COVID-19 campaigns: An analysis of the Italian government communications

The gender studies approach of this contribution addresses the issue of communication in the Italian government's response to COVID-19. In the past, the government had often focused its communication on the promotion of political activities, with stereotypical representations of men and women instead of a culture of communication based on the concept of ‘civil servant' with a gender lens. This article ponders whether methods of disseminating information and representing the pandemic are driven by innovative models of communication that advocate for a gender-conscious approach. Using a qualitative analysis, this contribution examines the government's communication campaigns during the pandemic and inquires if and how the narrative of the pandemic has impacted the representation of gender. We analyse public service advertisements on television and in the digital media. Our results show distinct features of and issues with mainstream and social media storytelling strategies. © 2023 Intellect Ltd Article. English language.

"Authentic Warmth in These Uncertain Times”: The Impact of Authenticity in COVID-19 Advertising on Brand Warmth and Consumer Responses

This study investigated the impact of the perceived authenticity of brands' COVID-19 advertisements on consumers' perception of brand warmth and the subsequent responses on brand attitude and engagement intention. An online survey was used to acquire consumers' evaluations of COVID-19 video ads published between March and August in 2020. Results showed that the message authenticity significantly increased consumers' perception of brand warmth, brand attitude, and engagement intention. Furthermore, the serial mediation results revealed the underlying mechanism that authentic ads evoked positively valenced emotional responses, which increased perceived brand warmth and further resulted in positive brand attitudes and engagement intentions. Practical implications and theoretical advancement are also discussed.

Gender in COVID-19 campaigns: An analysis of the Italian government communications

The gender studies approach of this contribution addresses the issue of communication in the Italian government's response to COVID-19. In the past, the government had often focused its communication on the promotion of political activities, with stereotypical representations of men and women instead of a culture of communication based on the concept of ‘civil servant' with a gender lens. This article ponders whether methods of disseminating information and representing the pandemic are driven by innovative models of communication that advocate for a gender-conscious approach. Using a qualitative analysis, this contribution examines the government's communication campaigns during the pandemic and inquires if and how the narrative of the pandemic has impacted the representation of gender. We analyse public service advertisements on television and in the digital media. Our results show distinct features of and issues with mainstream and social media storytelling strategies. © 2023 Intellect Ltd Article. English language.

Nurtured and sorrowful: Positive and negative emotional appeals in early COVID-19 themed brand communications

This study examines the prevalence of emotional appeals in COVID-19-themed brand advertisements from around the world in the months immediately following the World Health Organization's declaration of the coronavirus outbreak as a pandemic. The study analyses the frequencies of use of positive and negative emotional appeals in the content of the ads, and concurrent combinations of such appeals. A content analysis was conducted on a sample of 376 ads from the "Ads of The World" digital archive. The results reveal a preference for positive emotions, with nurturance and affiliation being the most frequent. Sorrow was the third most preferred emotional appeal, and the most used negative emotion. Some brands have compared the virus to a hurricane (Brazil), an assassin with a chainsaw (US) or the death personified (Peru). Advertisers should be careful when using negative emotional appeal content during COVID-19. According to the law of apparent reality, during times of stress the recommendation is to be cautious with negative emotions, as they may be felt more intensely by consumers. Advertising has a social responsibility, which can be directed at promoting consumer behaviours that leave a positive or negative impact on their communities. In a situation such as the pandemic, brand communication professionals must use emotions rigorously, employing this resource to contribute to society, avoiding giving rise to harmful attitudes or behaviours. The research findings are consistent with the literature and lead to future examination of emotional appeals in advertising in stressful and uncertain circumstances.

The Language of Job Advertisements as Part of Employer Branding

The article offers the analysis of job advertisements as part of employer branding from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective. It gives the insight into how the companies attract prospective employees by creating a positive image of the company, which appeals to the target audience. The authors study online job advertisements with the intention of specifying which linguistic and visual means help create the brand of the company at the stage of recruitment. As part of CDA method, a wide range of social, economic and psychological contexts are taken into account when carrying out the analysis. The coding process of the analysis is performed at the descriptive and interpretative levels. The authors explore the structure of a typical online job post highlighting the unique characteristics of each element. The article focuses on the strategies and tactics employers use in Employer Description section in order to target the best candidates who share the same values, win acclaim for the company, and form its distinct image. Particular emphasis is placed on the outlining the primary components of successful employer branding and their linguistic expression. Extra consideration is given to the impact of prevailing social values on the choice of strategies implemented in the job advertisements. The authors consider the specifics of COVID-19 pandemic context and its reflection on recruitment. © 2022 Tata Institute of Social Sciences. All rights reserved.

TRAMPAS DEL BINARISMO: DICOTOMÍAS DE GÉNERO Y SISTEMA PUBLICITARIO (UN CASO PRÁCTICO DURANTE LA CRISIS DE LA COVID-19) 1

: This paper analyzes the socio-semiotic construction of gender in two highimpact online ads of 2021 for the Mapfre insurance company that featured two elite athletes such as Fernando Alonso and María Vicente. Through the tools of the verbal and visual semiotics and the Saussurean structuralist theory, this study analyzes the symbolic construction and the gender construction of binary concepts such as indoor vs. outdoor, vertical vs. horizontal or reason vs. passion. concepts that form an independence vs. dependence storytelling that is deeply linked to the COVID-19 health crisis. The findings from the research illustrate how, despite the postmodern's attempts of dismantling gender, the gender binarism is still a comforting storytelling. La evolución del marketing a raíz de la popularización de internet y la eclosión de los new media, lejos de reducir esa incidencia de las categorías culturales, no ha hecho más que reforzar un fenómeno que era ya una piedra angular de la comunicación comercial.

The Impact of Covid-19 on the Print Media: A Kerala Perspective

The print media has played a significant role in Indian history. During the early decades of the 19th century newspapers began to circulate in Kerala. The State is best known for its literacy, healthcare, and socio-economic development. Nearly 60 per cent of the population reads newspapers every day (Indian Readership Survey, 2019). News consumption in Kerala is high compared to other States because of political consciousness, demography, literacy rate and standard of living of the people. The print media has been playing a vital role in newsgathering and reporting across the country during the Covid-19 pandemic. This article intends to identify the consequences of Covid-19 and the subsequent lockdown on the print media in Kerala. A sharp decline in circulation and advertisement revenue has disrupted the printing and distribution of newspapers and periodicals across the State. This paper looks at the various managerial measures taken by the media for their survival and the government policies and initiatives as a stakeholder in order to improve the present scenario. For this study, published reports of the Indian Readership Survey (IRS), WHO and various online newspaper reports have been referred to. Government interventions at central and State levels have been made to mitigate advertisement dues from government entities. Moreover, many newspaper establishments have resorted to salary cuts, edition cuts and work from home arrangements to reduce their operational costs.

Impact of business innovation on future employment in Nigeria: MDE

As the global economy continues to recover from COVID‐19 shocks, slower growth and not enough jobs to commensurate the growing labour force are observed. In line with SGD‐8, promoting decent work, sustainable economic growth, higher levels of productivity and technological innovation, this study argues that encouraging entrepreneurship for job creation is key to securing future employment. The study applied the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to carry out the impact analysis. In addition, the study employed the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to determine the linear relationship between entrepreneurship innovation and future employment. The study used the Youth Enterprise with Innovation (YouWiN) baseline survey (2019). The study engaged four innovation measures: the introduction of new products and services, access to the internet, utilisation of emails for marketing and firm's involvement in online advertisement. The PSM analysis results show that the four measures of innovation by firms have a positive and significant impact on future employment. Based on the results, the study concludes by recommending that various measures of innovation should be adopted in enterprises' activities to drive future employment.

The importance of digital influencers for consumption desire formation in young portuguese people

This article addresses consumer desire formation in Portuguese young people in the age group 15 to 29 years. The article mainly sought to answer the following core question: What is the importance of digital influencers for consumer desire formation in the assessed young Portuguese individuals? Forty-six young individuals were heard in one-on-one semi-structured interviews and during focal groups. Friends, advertisements, and digital influencers were the primary source of consumer desire formation in this survey, with emphasis on digital influencers. These influencers and their standardized content are nowadays main references for young people, although the herein assessed population experiences the contradiction of knowing how their desires are formed and that they try to control them. On the one hand, this reality reflects a social integration process, and, on the other hand, it amplifies the semi-formation of these young individuals, who end up uncritically conforming to ‘the always equal’.

Re-contextualising advertising through re-creation: the recycling and translation of advertisements in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic completely reconfigured the semiotic landscape. When the crisis was at its height, a whole series of words, images and sounds (or their absence) became representative symbols of the context we found ourselves in, not only in the media, but also in public and private spaces. This article analyses how these semiotic systems were renegotiated in order to acquire new meanings in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It takes as a case study two Coca-Cola brand advertisements based on the same creative idea, which circulated in 2002 and 2020 respectively. Through a comparative analysis of the elements that make up each version of this multimodal text, it shows how the original advertisement was semiotically translated in order to adapt it to the needs of a new target context (the pandemic situation). We conclude that concepts drawn from intersemiotic and audiovisual translation studies can help shed light on these processes of recontextualization and meaning reconstruction in the case of multimodal texts.

"Video Unavailable": YouTube and Barriers to Fair Use for The Audiovisual Lexicon

[...]we considered only the two most trafficked Anglophone video sharing sites for pre-recorded content: The site is also the second most-used search engine after Google, which has over seventy-five percent of the search engine market-share (and owns YouTube), a combination which helps to give YouTube videos priority over other videos in most search results. Both platforms anchor their policies in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act [https://www.copvright.gov /legislation /dmca.pdf] (DMCA) enacted in 1998 in the United States, which (along with Section 280 of the Communications Decency Act [https: / /www.eff.org /issues /cda230] 1 protect websites from being liable for copyright infringement by participating users. [...]the system is rarely used. Because Vimeo's business model is membership-driven-rather than advertisement-driven like You l ube's-the company lias little incentive to pre-emptively screen for copyright violations, given their financial success relies on attracting and maintaining paying creators and not appeasing copyright holders outside the scope of the DMCA.

Restriction reduction: The effects of mobility restriction on consumers’ preferences for advertisements of tourism products

Individuals frequently experience restrictions in their mobility owing to circumstances outside of their control. This paper examines the effect of mobility restrictions on individuals’ perceptions of personal freedom, and subsequent preferences for tourism advertisements. In a secondary data analysis and three experiments, we show that physical confinement triggered by restricted mobility causes individuals to psychologically feel that their personal freedoms are threatened. In turn, these experiences result in a compensatory response, where people more strongly prefer advertisements that signal scarcity-reduction over advertisements that signal control-restoration. This effect is mitigated when people are prevention-oriented and is reversed when the restrictions are enacted absolutely (without ambiguity and possible mutability). We discuss the implications of our findings for advertising practice and strategies for tourism product placement.

Corporate social responsibility during the COVID-19 pandemic: a sequential mediation analysis

Purpose>This paper aims to examine the influence of perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) on purchase intention in the short-term and corporate reputation in the long-term while taking into consideration of the mediating role of brand image and customer satisfaction.Design/methodology/approach>The research sample comprising 482 participants was selected at random. Hierarchical multiple regression and the PROCESS Macro for SPSS were used to test the proposed hypotheses.Findings>Perceived CSR was found to have significant direct and mediated effects of purchase intention and corporate reputation through brand image and customer satisfaction. The proposed causal chain is pivotal for understanding how CSR perceptions influence, as well as shape purchase intention and perceived reputation.Research limitations/implications>There are three major implications. First, it is important for consumers to be able to perceive CSR initiatives, to consider them as a strategic investment. Second, firms must develop strategies that promote CSR as being positive for society and the environment, as well as for the firm. Third, perceived CSR is an important predictor in the causal chain of relationships that promote brand image and customer satisfaction, which contributes to reputation and purchase intention. One of the major limitations of this study, although COVID-19 is an ongoing global pandemic in this study, is that cross-sectional data were collected within a single economy. Hence, a longitudinal study with samples from other economies in the region may be conducted to compare and generalize the findings.Social implications>At a time when corporate objectives are predominantly designed to satisfy stakeholder interests and to increase return on investment, there is mounting social pressure on shifting managerial mindsets to address issues such as poverty, health and well-being, education for all, social equality, unhealthy consumption, hedonic advertisements, global peace and environmental concerns. Marketing has been criticized for its narrow focus on fulfilling the social needs of a particular target market while ignoring society at large, and this study argues that, through responsible marketing, firms can improve their reputation and at the same time can promote sustainable living.Originality/value>Direct and mediated relationships that have previously been studied separately are considered together in a serially mediated unified model. This approach provides a better understanding of how perceived CSR can transform purchase intention and reputation.